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Frank Petrak, Stephan Herpertz, Julia Rebecca Hirsch, Bonnie Röhrig, Iris Donati‑Hirsch, Georg Juckel, Juris Meier, Sören Gatermann

• \(\bf Background:\) Individuals with type 1 diabetes and those with depression show differences in the composition of the gut microbiome from that of healthy people. However, these differences have not yet been studied in patients with both diseases. Therefore, we compared the gut microbiome of people with type 1 diabetes with or without depression with matched healthy controls. \(\bf Methods:\) A case-control study was conducted in 20 adults with type 1 diabetes (group A), 20 adults with type 1 diabetes and depression (group B), and 20 healthy adults (group C). Gut microbiota composition was determined by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rDNA and alpha and beta diversity was compared between the groups. \(\bf Results:\) Groups A and B both showed higher alpha diversity than the healthy control group (\(\it P\) < 0.001) but alpha diversity did not differ significantly between groups A and B. Participants having type 1 diabetes with (\(\it P\) < 0.05) or without comorbid depression (\(\it P\) < 0.001) differed regarding beta diversity from healthy controls but not between each other. Group B (diabetes with depression) had significantly higher abundance of Megaspaera than groups A and C. Both diabetes groups had a higher abundance of \(\textit {Christensenellaceae, Succinivibrionaceae,}\) and \(\it Rhodospirillaceae\) than the healthy group but similar between-group abundances. \(\bf Conclusions:\) While differences in alpha and beta diversity and in some bacterial taxa occurred only between participants with diabetes and healthy controls, specific characteristics regarding the abundance of \(\it Megasphaera\) were observed in people with diabetes and comorbid depression. In summary, the study findings indicate a possible involvement of bacterial groups in depression in people with diabetes. The results suggest replication studies in larger samples to verify these findings.