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Benedict Theren, Philipp Heß, Stefan Bracke, Bernd Kuhlenkötter

• One of the greatest challenges in the design of shape-memory elements (mostly binary Nickel-Titanium wires) is to ensure that the required travel (stroke) is achieved, as this is subject to variation due to various influencing factors. One way of predicting the stroke is to use a suitable energy model. In the past, for example, a model was developed by Oelschläger with which the stroke can be calculated on the basis of the electrical energy. However, so far no model takes into account the change of the phase transformation temperature. In this study, the model of Oelschläger is extended and verified to consider the degradation behavior over the whole lifetime. For this purpose, fatigue tests of 52 wires (2 different load scenarios) were performed. Based on these tests and the application of statistical methods (distribution models, goodnes-of-fit tests etc.), a target model was developed for each load scenario, which is used to verify the extended energy model. The energy model was applied to wires of both load scenarios to simulate the stroke progression. The verification of the extended simulation model shows that it is possible to simulate the longterm behavior of the stroke for one of the two load scenarios. The second load scenario shows deviations between the target model and the simulation, which is due to problems in the area of measurement equipment, convection, and temperature distribution in the wire. Nevertheless, a decisive modeling approach could be developed, which can be used to consider the long-term behavior of the phase transformation temperature of wires in simulations.