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Anke Erdmann, Jeremias Motte, Jil Brünger, Thomas Grüter, Ralf Gold, Kalliopi Pitarokoili, Anna Lena Fisse

• Echogenicity of peripheral nerves in high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) provides insight into the structural damage of peripheral nerves in various polyneuropathies. The aim of this study was to compare nerve echogenicity in different primarily axonal or demyelinating polyneuropathies to examine the significance of this parameter. Performing semi-automated echogenicity analysis and applying Image J, we retrospectively used HRUS images of 19 patients with critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), and 27 patients with chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIN) and compared them to 20 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The fraction of black representing echogenicity was measured after converting the images into black and white. The nerves of patients with progressive CIDP significantly differed from the hyperechogenic nerves of patients with other polyneuropathies at the following sites: the median nerve at the forearm (\(\it p\) < 0.001), the median nerve at the upper arm (\(\it p\) < 0.004), and the ulnar nerve at the upper arm (\(\it p\) < 0.001). The other polyneuropathies showed no notable differences. Altogether, the comparison of echogenicity between different polyneuropathies supports the assumption that there are differences depending on the genesis of the structural nerve damage. However, these differences are slight, and cannot be used to show clear differences between each polyneuropathy form.